句法特點與翻譯要點
如果說商務合同的用詞具有專業、準確、正式的特點,那么商務合同的句法則有結構嚴謹、句式較長的特點。句子的狀語(從句)和定語(從句)等附加成分很多,且往往位置明顯,對主句意義進行解釋、限制或補充,一則可以體現這種文體莊嚴的風格、嚴謹的結構和清晰的邏輯;二則便于排除被曲解、誤解而出現歧義引發爭端的可能性,維護雙方的合法權益。雖然商務合同英文中的句法特點有很多,比如多用陳述句、多用現在時、多用被動語態、多用名詞性結構等等,但本節結合翻譯難點,重點探討長句,尤其是條件從句的特點和翻譯方法。
1. 長句及其翻譯
與普通英語相比較而言,商務合同英語中的句子結構就其長度和使用從句的連續性要復雜得多。分析合同長句的基本方法是:首先,要找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語,即句子的主干結構;其次,要找出句子中所有的謂語結構、非謂語結構、介詞短語和從句的引導詞,然后再分析從句和短句的功能,即:是否是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句或狀語從句等,以及詞、短語和從句之間的關系。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入語等其他成分。
1) The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the Seller for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.
這是一個簡單長句,其主干為The Buyer may…lodge a claim…。修飾謂語動詞的狀語有三個,分別表示時間(within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination)、方式(being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor)和原因(for short-weight)。諸多狀語盡管在原文中位置靈活,然而在譯文里,須按照漢語的行文規范適當進行調整:方式狀語一般應置于動詞之前;其他狀語可以靈活處理,如本句中的時間狀語可以提前至句首。
(貨物抵達目的港15天內,買方可以憑有信譽的公共檢驗員出示的檢驗證明向賣方提出短重索賠。)
2) If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.
本句的主干是it shall indemnify and keep indemnified... against... the other Party and the company。If引導的是條件從句,條件句的賓語部分跟隨后置定語(given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)。in addition to 引導的是增補成分,其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語(available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws)。That引導的則是后置定語修飾緊鄰的五個名詞。基于以上分析,再結合漢語的行文習慣(條件在前,結構在后以及定語在所修飾的核心詞之前),即可翻譯成:如果一方違反任何其根據第18.1條或18.2條所作的陳述及擔保或重述,則另一方除根據本合同或相關法律尋求任何可能的救濟之外,違約方應當賠償另一方或合營公司因此種違反而招致的任何損失、損害、費用、開支、責任或索賠。
3) The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.
上句中信息的重心在句首,先表明賣方的免責事項,接著再規定由于什么原因引起的不能交貨或延遲交貨才會免責,后對不可抗力又做了限定。按照漢語的思維習慣,往往先談原因,再講結論,因此采用顛倒順序的譯法更合理。
(凡在制造或裝船運輸過程中,因不可抗力致使賣方不能或推遲交貨時,賣方不負責任。)
2、條件句及其翻譯
商務合同主要約定合同各方應享有的權利和應履行的義務,但由于這種權利的行使和義務的履行均賦有各種條件,所以條件句的大量使用成為商務合同的一個特點。條件句多由下列連接詞引導:if, in the event of, in case (of), should, provided (that), subject to, unless otherwise等。比如:If the third party accuses the Party B of infringement, Party B shall take up the matter…(如果第三方指控乙方侵權,乙方應負責……)
1) In the event of any loss caused by the delay in the delivery, the Representative can claim a compensation from the Manufacturer with a certificate and detailed list registered by the administration authorities of the Representative’s site.
(若因任何交貨延誤導致的代理方損失,代理方可憑代理方所在地行政當局登記的損失清單向制造方索賠,但須出具證明。)
2) Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party, the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused. Should it be the fault of both parties, they shall bear their respective responsibilities according to actual situations.
(由于一方的過失,造成本合同不能履行或不能完全履行時,由過失一方承擔違約責任。若屬雙方過失,則根據實際情況,由雙方分別承擔各自應負的違約責任。)
1)Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side.
(任何一方都可更換自己指派的代表,但須書面通知對方。)
歸納上述各例,除了句(Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side )以外,條件句均置于主句之前,英譯漢時譯成“如果”或“若”即可。而當條件句置于主句之后時,在翻譯這些引導條件句的連詞或短語時,可按動態等值理論視具體情況而定,切勿生搬硬套。該句中的provided that表示合同該條款需作進一步規定或在作規定時語氣上的轉折,因而應譯為“但是”才使譯文過渡自然,符合漢語的表達規范,達到功能對等的效果。
如果說商務合同的用詞具有專業、準確、正式的特點,那么商務合同的句法則有結構嚴謹、句式較長的特點。句子的狀語(從句)和定語(從句)等附加成分很多,且往往位置明顯,對主句意義進行解釋、限制或補充,一則可以體現這種文體莊嚴的風格、嚴謹的結構和清晰的邏輯;二則便于排除被曲解、誤解而出現歧義引發爭端的可能性,維護雙方的合法權益。雖然商務合同英文中的句法特點有很多,比如多用陳述句、多用現在時、多用被動語態、多用名詞性結構等等,但本節結合翻譯難點,重點探討長句,尤其是條件從句的特點和翻譯方法。
1. 長句及其翻譯
與普通英語相比較而言,商務合同英語中的句子結構就其長度和使用從句的連續性要復雜得多。分析合同長句的基本方法是:首先,要找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語,即句子的主干結構;其次,要找出句子中所有的謂語結構、非謂語結構、介詞短語和從句的引導詞,然后再分析從句和短句的功能,即:是否是主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句或狀語從句等,以及詞、短語和從句之間的關系。最后,分析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入語等其他成分。
1) The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the Seller for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.
這是一個簡單長句,其主干為The Buyer may…lodge a claim…。修飾謂語動詞的狀語有三個,分別表示時間(within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination)、方式(being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor)和原因(for short-weight)。諸多狀語盡管在原文中位置靈活,然而在譯文里,須按照漢語的行文規范適當進行調整:方式狀語一般應置于動詞之前;其他狀語可以靈活處理,如本句中的時間狀語可以提前至句首。
(貨物抵達目的港15天內,買方可以憑有信譽的公共檢驗員出示的檢驗證明向賣方提出短重索賠。)
2) If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.
本句的主干是it shall indemnify and keep indemnified... against... the other Party and the company。If引導的是條件從句,條件句的賓語部分跟隨后置定語(given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)。in addition to 引導的是增補成分,其核心詞remedies也跟了后置定語(available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws)。That引導的則是后置定語修飾緊鄰的五個名詞。基于以上分析,再結合漢語的行文習慣(條件在前,結構在后以及定語在所修飾的核心詞之前),即可翻譯成:如果一方違反任何其根據第18.1條或18.2條所作的陳述及擔保或重述,則另一方除根據本合同或相關法律尋求任何可能的救濟之外,違約方應當賠償另一方或合營公司因此種違反而招致的任何損失、損害、費用、開支、責任或索賠。
3) The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.
上句中信息的重心在句首,先表明賣方的免責事項,接著再規定由于什么原因引起的不能交貨或延遲交貨才會免責,后對不可抗力又做了限定。按照漢語的思維習慣,往往先談原因,再講結論,因此采用顛倒順序的譯法更合理。
(凡在制造或裝船運輸過程中,因不可抗力致使賣方不能或推遲交貨時,賣方不負責任。)
2、條件句及其翻譯
商務合同主要約定合同各方應享有的權利和應履行的義務,但由于這種權利的行使和義務的履行均賦有各種條件,所以條件句的大量使用成為商務合同的一個特點。條件句多由下列連接詞引導:if, in the event of, in case (of), should, provided (that), subject to, unless otherwise等。比如:If the third party accuses the Party B of infringement, Party B shall take up the matter…(如果第三方指控乙方侵權,乙方應負責……)
1) In the event of any loss caused by the delay in the delivery, the Representative can claim a compensation from the Manufacturer with a certificate and detailed list registered by the administration authorities of the Representative’s site.
(若因任何交貨延誤導致的代理方損失,代理方可憑代理方所在地行政當局登記的損失清單向制造方索賠,但須出具證明。)
2) Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party, the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused. Should it be the fault of both parties, they shall bear their respective responsibilities according to actual situations.
(由于一方的過失,造成本合同不能履行或不能完全履行時,由過失一方承擔違約責任。若屬雙方過失,則根據實際情況,由雙方分別承擔各自應負的違約責任。)
1)Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side.
(任何一方都可更換自己指派的代表,但須書面通知對方。)
歸納上述各例,除了句(Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side )以外,條件句均置于主句之前,英譯漢時譯成“如果”或“若”即可。而當條件句置于主句之后時,在翻譯這些引導條件句的連詞或短語時,可按動態等值理論視具體情況而定,切勿生搬硬套。該句中的provided that表示合同該條款需作進一步規定或在作規定時語氣上的轉折,因而應譯為“但是”才使譯文過渡自然,符合漢語的表達規范,達到功能對等的效果。

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