翻譯常用的八種技巧
一、常用的翻譯技巧
1. 重復(fù)法 (repetition)
2. 增譯法 (amplification)
3. 減譯法 (omission)
4. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)移法 (conversion)
5. 詞序調(diào)整法 (inversion)
6. 分譯法 (division)
7. 正說反譯, 反說正譯法 (negation)
8. 語態(tài) 變換法 (the change of the voices)
1. 重復(fù)法
漢語重復(fù),英譯時(shí)也重復(fù);
根據(jù)兩種語言各自的習(xí)慣用法,以不同的表達(dá)方式進(jìn)行重復(fù),這種重復(fù)通常是為了傳達(dá)原文的生動(dòng)性.
We have to analyze and solve problems.
我們要分析問題，解決問題。
Let’s revise our safety and sanitary regulations.
我們來修改安全規(guī)則和衛(wèi)生規(guī)則吧。
Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace --- but there is no peace.
先生們盡管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然沒有和平。
Nels had it all written out neatly.
納爾斯把它寫得清清楚楚。
青青河邊草, 郁郁園中柳。
Green grows the grass upon the bank,
The willow shoots are long and lank.
2. 增譯法
為了使譯文忠實(shí)地表達(dá)原文的意思與風(fēng)格并使譯文合乎表達(dá)習(xí)慣,必須增加一些詞語,這就叫增譯法.
增詞義增加虛詞為多，也可酌量增加實(shí)詞。
英譯漢時(shí)經(jīng)常增加的詞有結(jié)構(gòu)詞、數(shù)量詞、概念詞、語氣詞等。
從增補(bǔ)的功能來看，可以分為結(jié)構(gòu)增補(bǔ)、意義增補(bǔ)和修辭增補(bǔ)。
I am looking forward to the holidays.
我們等待假日的到來。
Much of our morality is customary.
我們大部分的道德觀念都有習(xí)慣性。
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.
讀書使人充實(shí)，討論使人機(jī)智，筆記使人精確。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
讀史使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使人深刻，倫理使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯。
3. 減譯法
增譯法的反面
減譯法是指原文中有些詞在譯文中不譯出來,因?yàn)樽g文中雖無其詞而已有其意,或者在譯文中是不言而喻的;
減譯法是刪去一些可有可無的, 或者有了反而累贅或違背譯文習(xí)慣表達(dá)法的詞, 并不是把原文的某些思想內(nèi)容刪去。
省譯和增補(bǔ)是相輔相成的兩種翻譯技巧。省譯和分為結(jié)構(gòu)省譯和精煉壓縮。
所謂結(jié)構(gòu)省譯是由于英漢兩種語言在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異造成的。在英譯漢時(shí)經(jīng)常省略的詞有代詞、系詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞、先行詞等。 作主語和定語的人稱代詞以及做定語的物主代詞均可省譯。
如果把結(jié)構(gòu)省譯看作是消極的省譯手段，那么精煉壓縮則是積極的省譯手段，前者明顯，后者隱晦。
A book is useful.
書（是）由用（的）。
The earth goes around the sun.
地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
On Sundays we have no school.
禮拜天我們不上學(xué)。
If you write him, the response would be absolute silence and void.
你寫信給他，總是石沉大海。
A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue.
聰明的人是不會(huì)娶有才無德的女子為妻的。
It isn’t rum for a woman to want her old husband back, for respectability, though for a man to want his old wife back – well, perhaps it is funny, rather!
（一個(gè)）女人為了體面（的關(guān)系）而要（她的從）前（的那個(gè)丈）夫回來，這并不（是）奇怪（的事），雖然（一個(gè)）男人要（他從）前（的那個(gè)）妻（子）回來，也許是很有趣的事。
4. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法
英譯漢時(shí)詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的核心是根據(jù)需要將具有動(dòng)作性的名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的動(dòng)詞，或者將可表示概念的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語名詞。
漢譯英時(shí)則反其道而行之。
For students of composition, an awareness that rhetorical patterns differ from one culture to another can help them become more quickly proficient in a writing pattern that is not native to them.
學(xué)習(xí)寫作的人若能意識(shí)到各種文化在修辭模式上的差別，則有助于他們迅速掌握對他們來說是外在的寫作模式。
In those years the Republicans were in.
那些年是共和黨執(zhí)政。
The music is a gas.
這音樂妙極了。
Saud was a frustrated man at that time.
沙特那時(shí)已受挫折。
Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.
. 他們之間一直有著傳統(tǒng)的友好關(guān)系。
This experiment is a great success.
這次實(shí)驗(yàn)是極為成功的。
1) 語言這個(gè)東西不是隨便可以學(xué)好的, 非下苦功不可。
The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.
2) 一定要少說空話,多做工作。
There must be less empty talk and more hard work.
5. 詞序調(diào)整法
1 發(fā)生了這樣的事不是你的錯(cuò)。
It’s not your fault that this has happened.
2 她，一個(gè)瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的毅力寫出了一部催人奮進(jìn)的小說。
A thin and weak girl susceptible to diseases, she wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will.
3 一直在一旁觀看的小學(xué)生們開始鼓起掌來。
The pupils that had been watching started to applaud.
6. 正說反譯、反說正譯法
反說
英語詞句中含有 “never”, “no”, “non-”,
“un-”, “im-”, “ir-”, “-less” 等成分； 漢語詞句中含有 “不，沒，無，未，甭，別，休，莫，非，勿，毋” 等成
She refrained from laughing.
她忍住了，沒有發(fā)笑。
She was refused admittance by them.
他們不許她進(jìn)去。
An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself.
良機(jī)難再。
All that glitters is not gold.
All is not lost. 并非全失。
But all men are not born to reign. 并非人人生來就都是作帝王的。
All that flatter you too much are not faithful friends.
吹捧你的人并非都是你的忠實(shí)朋友。
Both children are not clever.
并非兩個(gè)孩子都聰明。
Private. 閑人莫入。
Keep upright. 切勿倒置。
Wet paint. 油漆未干。
Urban clearway. 市區(qū)通道，不準(zhǔn)停車。
Inflammables --- keep away from fire.
易燃物品，請勿近火。
No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced. 憑票退還押金。
These visits will operate only if weather permits. 以上參觀項(xiàng)目遇雨停止或改期。
If you forward the transcripts yourself, they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed.
如果你本人遞交證件，只有校方信封保持密封才可以被認(rèn)為是正視的。（誤）
如果證件由申請人本人遞交，則本人不得擅自啟封，否則證件將視為無效。（正）
7. 分譯法
分譯法主要用于長句的翻譯。
以《毛澤東選集》英譯本為例，說明漢語長句的分譯法。
8. 語態(tài)變換法
被動(dòng)變主動(dòng) －－－主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)
英語比漢語用更多的被動(dòng)語態(tài)；
英語中用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子翻譯成漢語時(shí)，我們可根據(jù)漢語的語言習(xí)慣吧被動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成主動(dòng)語態(tài)；
漢語中用主動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子也可根據(jù)具體情況轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
說話時(shí)，已擺了茶果上來。（《紅樓夢》，第三回）
Meanwhile refreshments had been served.
當(dāng)下茶果已撤，賈母命兩個(gè)老嬤嬤帶了黛玉去見兩個(gè)母舅。（第三回）
Now the refreshments had been cleared away and the Lady Dowager ordered two nurses to take Daiyu to see her two uncles.
林如海已葬入祖墳了，諸事停妥，賈璉方進(jìn)京的。（16）
Lin Ruhai had been buried in the ancestral graveyard and his obsequies completed, Jia Lian was able to start back for the capital.
至晚飯后，寶玉因吃了兩杯酒，眼餳（xing）耳熱之際，若往日則有個(gè)襲人等大家喜笑有興，今日卻冷冷清清的一人對燈，好沒興趣。（21）
After dinner, flushed by a few cups of wine, Baoyu would normally have amused himself with Xiren and the others; but this evening he sat all alone, disconsolate, by the lamp.
當(dāng)下眾人七言八語。(25)
By now proposals of all kinds were being made.
注意英語常用被動(dòng)句型的漢語習(xí)慣譯法
It is hoped that… 希望……
It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道……
It is said that… 據(jù)說……
It is supposed that… 據(jù)推測……
Its must be admitted that… 必須承認(rèn)……
It must be pointed out that…必須指出……
It is asserted that… 有人主張……
It is believed that… 有人相信……
It is well known that… 眾所周知……
It will be said that… 人們會(huì)說……
It was told that…人們曾說……
I was told that… 我聽說……
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